အျပည္ျပည္ဆိုင္ရာ ကေလးသူငယ္အခြင့္အေရးမ်ားေန႔….ကတိကဝတ္မ်ားမွသည္ လက္ေတြ႔ေဆာင္ရြက္ခ်က္မ်ားဆီသို႔

၂၀၁၅ ခုႏွစ္၊ ႏိုဝင္ဘာလ (၈) ရက္ေန႔တြင္ က်င္းပခဲ႔သည့္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ သမိုင္းဝင္ အေထြေထြ ေရြးေကာက္ပဲြႀကီး မျပဳလုပ္မီွ ယူနီဆက္အေနျဖင့္ “ေရြးေကာက္ပြဲတြင္ ေအာင္ႏိုင္မည့္သူသည္ ကေလး သူငယ္မ်ား ျဖစ္ေစဖို႔ေတာင္းဆိုၾကပါစို႔” ဟူသည့္ ေခါင္းစဥ္ျဖင့္ ေရြးေကာက္ပြဲဝင္မည့္ ႏိုင္ငံေရးပါတီမ်ားမွ ကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ားအေနျဖင့္ ကေလးသူငယ္မ်ား၏ ဘဝအစေကာင္းေစရန္ ကေလးသူငယ္မ်ားအေရး ဦးစားေပးရန္ စည္းရံုး လွဳပ္ရွားမွဳတစ္ခု ျပဳလုပ္ခဲ႔ပါသည္။ 

ကေလးသူငယ္က်န္းမာေရးႏွင့္ အာဟာရေထာက္ပံ့မႈသည္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္း ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းေရးကို တည္ေဆာက္ႏိုင္

ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းေရး ႏိုဘယ္လ္ဆုရွင္ ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစုၾကည္ႏွင့္ သူ၏ အမ်ိဳးသားဒီမိုကေရစီအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္သည္ ၂၅ ႏွစ္တာ ကာလအတြင္း ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ ပထမဆုံးေသာ လြတ္လပ္သည့္ ေ႐ြးေကာက္ပြဲတြင္ အျပတ္အသတ္ အႏိုင္ရရွိ ခဲ့ကာ NLD မွ လာမည့္ႏွစ္ဦးတြင္ အစိုးရအဖြဲ႕ဖြဲ႕သည့္အခါ ကမၻာတြင္ အခ်ိန္အၾကာျမင့္ဆံုး ျဖစ္သည့္ ျပည္တြင္းပဋိပကၡႏွင့္ ရင္ဆိုင္ ၾကံဳေတြ႔ ရမည္ျဖစ္ေပသည္။

ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္အစိုးရႏွင့္ လက္နက္ကိုင္အဖြဲ႕(၈)ဖြဲ႕ၾကားတြင္ မၾကာေသးမီက ခ်ဳပ္ဆိုခဲ့ေသာ အပစ္အခတ္ ရပ္စဲေရး သေဘာတူစာခ်ဳပ္ရွိေသာ္လည္း အဆိုပါ သေဘာတူညီခ်က္သည္ အထူးသျဖင့္ ကခ်င္ျပည္နယ္ ႏွင့္ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ေျမာက္ပိုင္းတြင္ ေနထိုင္ေသာ ကေလးသူငယ္ ၁.၈ သန္းခန္႔ကို အကာအကြယ္ မျဖစ္ေစခဲ့ေပ။ အဆိုပါေနရာမ်ားတြင္ တားဆီးပိတ္ပင္ေနသကဲ့သို႔ ျဖစ္ေနသည္။ UNICEF ႏွင့္ NGO Health Poverty Action တို႔သည္ အေျခခံက်န္းမာေရး ေစာင့္ေရွာက္မႈႏွင့္ အာဟာရရရွိမႈ ခိုင္မာေစရန္ ပူးေပါင္းေဆာင္႐ြက္လ်က္ရွိၿပီး ပဋိပကၡျဖစ္ပြားမႈ၊ နယ္ေျမအခက္အခဲရွိမႈႏွင့္ ႏိုင္ငံေရး ကန္႔သတ္ပိတ္ပင္မႈ မ်ားေၾကာင့္ ေရာက္ရွိရန္ ခက္ခဲသည့္ေဒသမ်ားရွိ ေမြးကင္းစကေလးမ်ားႏွင့္ ကေလးသူငယ္မ်ားအား အာဟာရ ေထာက္ပံ့မႈမ်ားကို ေဆာင္႐ြက္ေပးလ်က္ရွိသည္။

Mariana Palavra ေရးသားသည္

၂၀၁၅ ခုႏွစ္၊ ႏိုဝင္ဘာလ ကခ်င္ျပည္နယ္ - ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေျမာက္ပိုင္း ကခ်င္ျပည္နယ္တြင္ ျဖစ္ပြားခဲ့သည့္ ျပည္တြင္း ပဋိပကၡတြင္ လြမ္းႏို အဖမ္းခံခဲ့ရသည္။ ေလယာဥ္ဗုံးႀကဲသံ၊ အဆက္မျပတ္ ေသနတ္ပစ္ခတ္ သံႏွင့္ မိုင္းကြဲသံတို႔ကို ၾကားခဲ့ရသည္ဟု လြမ္းႏိုက ျပန္ေျပာျပသည္။ ကခ်င္ျပည္နယ္တြင္ ျပည္တြင္း ပဋိပကၡ ျဖစ္ပြားခဲ့သည့္ ၂၀၁၁ ခုႏွစ္ အခ်ိန္က ျဖစ္သည္။ 

 

လြမ္းႏိုသည္ လြန္ခဲ့သည့္ သံုးႏွစ္က ျပည္တြင္းပဋိပကၡမွ တိမ္းေရွာင္ ထြက္ေျပးလာကာ ေန႔ရပ္စြန္႔ခြာ တိမ္းေရွာင္သူမ်ား စခန္းတြင္ပင္ အိမ္ေထာင္က်ခဲ့သည္။ ယခု သူမေမြးထားသည့္ ငါးလအရြယ္ ကေလးငယ္ေလးအား ထက္ျမတ္ေအာင္ျမင္သည့္ စီးပြားရွင္ၾကီး ျဖစ္လာေစခ်င္ေနသည္။
©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Mariana Palavra

ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံရွိ မိမိခႏၶာကိုယ္ကိုရင္း၍ အလုပ္လုပ္ကိုင္ေနၾကရေသာ မိန္းကေလးမ်ားအား HIV ပိုးကူးစက္ၿခင္းမွ မိမိကိုယ္ကို ကာကြယ္ႏိုင္ရန္အတြက္ ပံ့ပိုးကူညီေပးျခင္း

Mariana Palavra ေရးသားသည္

 

SWIM Network နားခိုရာေနရာတြင္ ေခါင္းၿဖီးေနေသာ ၀တ္ရည္
Credit: ©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Mariana Palavra

 

သူမရဲ႕နာမည္ကို ၀တ္ရည္လို႔ေခၚပါလို႔ ေျပာၿပီးတဲ့ေနာက္ သူမရဲ႕ နာမည္ေရြးခ်ယ္မႈကို သေဘာက်ကာ ၿပံဳးလ်က္ရွိပါတယ္။ ဒီနာမည္ဟာ ၿမိဳ႕လယ္မွ မိနစ္ ၃၀ ၾကာ ကားေမာင္းသြားရၿပီး လႈိင္သာယာၿမိဳ႕နယ္မွာ ေနထိုင္လ်က္ရွိတဲ့ အသက္ ၁၆ႏွစ္အရြယ္ ထိုမိန္းကေလးရဲ႕ နာမည္ အရင္းေတာ့မဟုတ္ေပ။ 

Turning commitments into Actions on Universal Children’s Day

As Myanmar headed for its historic elections on 8th November 2015, UNICEF ceased the momentum by launching the “Let’s call for one clear winner: CHILDREN” campaign calling on potential future leaders to prioritise children and commit to provide them with a fair start in life.

ရပ္ရြာအကူအညီျဖင့္ အိမ္သို႔ ေဘးကင္းစြာျပန္လည္ပို႔ေဆာင္ႏိုင္ျခင္း

ေရးသားသူ - ဗာဂ်ီးနီးယား ဟန္ဒါဆန္



©ယူနီဆက္ျမန္မာ/၂၀၁၅/ဗာဂ်ီးနီးယား ဟန္ဒါဆန္

၂၀၁၅ခုနွစ္ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ေတာင္ပိုင္း ေတာင္ႀကီးၿမိဳ ႔- အသက္ ၁၂ ႏွစ္အရြယ္ ေနေအာင္နဲ႔ သူ႔အစ္ကို ေက်ာ္မိုးလႈိင္ (၂၂ ႏွစ္)တို႔ဟာ အေဒၚျဖစ္သူ ေဒၚခင္ညိဳ၊ အဖိုးျဖစ္သူတို႔ႏွင့္ အတူ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ေတာင္ပိုင္း ေတာင္ႀကီးၿမိဳ ႔မွာ ေနထိုင္လ်က္ရွိပါတယ္။

Children’s health and nutrition helps build peace in Myanmar

Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi and her National League for Democracy (NLD) has won a landslide victory in Myanmar’s first free elections in 25 years. When NLD assumes office early next year, it will face one of the longest running civil conflict in the world.

Despite the recent signing of a ceasefire between the Government and representatives of eight ethnic armed group, an estimated 1.8 million children are not covered by the agreement, especially those living in some areas of Kachin and northern Shan, where conflicts continue and prevent children from accessing basic services. UNICEF and the NGO Health Poverty Action work together to strengthen access to primary health care and nutrition interventions, such as infant and young child feeding support in areas that are hard to reach due to conflict, poor geographical access, and political constraints.

 

By Mariana Palavra

 

Kachin State, November 2015 - Lwan No was caught in the middle of the civil conflict in Kachin State, Northern Myanmar. “I could hear the planes bombing the area, the constant gun shots and mine explosions”, she recalls. This was in 2011, when the civil conflict broke out in Kachin. 

 

Lwan No got married in this IDP camp, after fleeing from the civil conflict three years ago. Now, she wants her five-month old baby to become a bright and successful businesswoman.
©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Mariana Palavra

Helping girls who sell sex to protect themselves from HIV

By Mariana Palavra

 

Wut Yee brushes her hair at the SWIM Network drop-in centre.
Credit: ©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Mariana Palavra

 

She asked to be called Wutt Yee and she smiled at the name she had chosen for herself. This is not the real name of this 16 year-old girl, who lives in Hlaingthaya Township, some 30 minutes’ drive from central Yangon. 

ေက်ာင္းမေနႏိုင္သည့္ ကေလးသူငယ္မ်ား၏ ဘဝမ်ား - တစ္မိနစ္စာ

ေရးသားသူ Jessica Aumann



©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Jessica Aumann

အသက္ (၁၂)ႏွစ္ရွိၿပီျဖစ္တဲ့ ခင္စႏၵာဝင္း တစ္ေယာက္ သူမရဲ႕ ဇာတ္လမ္းေလးကို ဘာသာျပန္ ေျပာေပးမယ့္သူအလာကို ပလတ္စတစ္ထိုင္ခံု ပန္းေရာင္ေပၚတြင္ ျပံဳးကာ စိတ္ရွည္လက္ရွည္ ထိုင္ေစာင့္ ေနေတာ့သည္။

”ဆိုင္ကလုန္းမုန္တိုင္း တိုက္ေတာ့ အကုန္ပ်က္စီးသြားတယ္” ဟု သူမက ေျပာသည္။ ”သမီးတို႔ အိမ္ပါ ပါသြားတယ္။”

”မုန္တိုင္းတိုက္ျပီး ေနာက္ပိုင္း ေဖေဖနဲ႕ေမေမ ဧရာဝတီကေန ရန္ကုန္ကို ေျပာင္းသြားတယ္။ သမီးတို႔ ကေလးေတြ အားလံုးကေတာ့ အဖိုးနဲ႔ က်န္ေနခဲ့တယ္။ ေမေမနဲ႔ ေဝးေနရတာကို အရမ္းဝမ္းနည္းၿပီး ဖုန္းေျပာတိုင္း တအား ငိုမိတယ္” ဟု သူမက ေျပာသည္။

The lives of out of school children in one minute

By Jessica Aumann

 

©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Jessica Aumann

Khin Sander Win is 12 years old. She sits patiently on the pink plastic bench, smiling and waiting for the interpreter to come and help her tell her story.

“When the cyclone came it took everything” she says. “We lost our house”.

“After the storm my mother and father moved from Ayeyarwaddy to Yangon, and we children all stayed behind with my grandfather. I used to talk to my mother on the phone and I would feel so sad to be apart from her, I would cry a lot” she says.

Saved and brought back home by the community

By Virginia Henderson

 

©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Virginia Henderson

 

Taunggyi, Southern Shan State, June 2015:  Nay Aung, 12, and his brother, Kyaw Moe Hlaing, 22, have always lived with their aunt Daw Khin Nyo, and their grandfather, in Taunggyi, Southern Shan State.

စိုးရိမ္ရေသာ အေစာပိုင္းေန႔မ်ား-- က်န္းမာေရးဌာနတြင္ မီးဖြားျခင္း

ဗာဂ်င္းနီးယား ဟန္ဒါဆန္ ေရးသားသည္
 

နန္းျမကေလးႏွင့္ သူမမိခင္အား မိသားစုႏွင့္အတူ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ေတာင္ပိုင္း လိြဳင္လြန္ရြာရွိေနအိမ္တြင္ ေတြ႔ရစဥ္
©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Virginia Henderson

 

ေတာင္ႀကီး၊ ရွမ္းျပည္ေတာင္ပိုင္း၊ ၂၀၁၅ ခုႏွစ္ စက္တင္ဘာလ- ၂၀၁၄ ခုႏွစ္ ေအာက္တိုဘာလ အတြင္းက ေဝးလံေခါင္သီလွေသာ လြိဳင္လြန္႐ြာေလးတြင္ မိုးသည္းေသာေန႔တစ္ေန႔၌ အသက္ ၂၄ ႏွစ္ရွိ နန္းေခးမွာ ၎၏ စတုတၳေျမာက္ကေလးငယ္ကို အမ်ိဳးသားအရပ္လက္သည္၏ အကူအညီျဖင့္ ေမြးဖြားခဲ့သည္။ ကေလးမီးဖြားၿပီးခ်ိန္တြင္ နန္းေခးမွာ အခ်င္းကပ္ေနသျဖင့္ ေသြးေပါင္အလြန္က်ကာ သတိရတစ္ခ်က္ မရတစ္ခ်က္ ျဖစ္ေနသည္။

အေရွ႕ေတာင္အာရွတစ္ဝန္းလုံး၌ ကေလးသူငယ္ လူကုန္ကူးမႈ တိုက္ဖ်က္ေရး

မန္းနီေမာင္ေရးသားသည္
 

©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Manny Maung

 

ေမာ္လၿမိဳင္၊ မြန္ျပည္နယ္၊ ၂၀၁၅ ခုႏွစ္ ဇြန္လ - ေမွာင္မိုက္ေသာအခန္းႏွင့္ အပူရွိန္ကို ေမာင္ဇင္ေတာ္ (အမည္လႊဲေျပာင္း) မွတ္မိေနေသးသည္။ တျခားမွတ္မိေနသည္မ်ားကေတာ့ မည္သူေတြမွန္း မသိသူမ်ား၏ မသဲကြဲလွေသာ မ်က္ႏွာမ်ားႏွင့္ အသံမ်ားသာ ျဖစ္သည္။

The Fight against Child Trafficking across the Southeast

By Manny Maung

©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Manny Maung

 

Mawlamyine, Mon State, June 2015- Maung Zin Taw (name changed) remembers a dark room, stifling hot. His other memories are hazy, vague recollections of blurred faces and distorted voices attached to people he cannot name.

Critical early days - giving birth in a health facility

By Virginia Henderson

 

Baby Nang Mya with his mother and family at home in Loi Lomt village, Southern Shan State
©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Virginia Henderson

 

Taunggyi, Southern Shan State, September 2015: On a pouring rainy day in October 2014 in the remote village of Loi Lomt, 24 year old Nang Khe gave birth to her fourth child with the assistance of a male traditional birth attendant. After delivery, Nang Khe fell semi-unconscious suffering from very low blood pressure due to a retained placenta. 

ေရလႊမ္းမိုးမႈႏွင့္ႀကဳံေတြ႕ရၿပီးေနာက္ပိုင္းကာလ

စစ္ကိုင္းတိုင္းေဒသႀကီး၊ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ အေနာက္ေျမာက္ပိုင္း၊ ၂၀၁၅ ခုႏွစ္ ဩဂုတ္လ ၁၃ ရက္

ဓာတ္ပုံ - မ်ိဳးသိမ္း

ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအေနာက္ေျမာက္ပိုင္း၊ စစ္ကိုင္းတိုင္းေဒသႀကီးရွိ ကေလးၿမိဳ႕နယ္တြင္ ေနထိုင္ေသာ ကေလးသူငယ္မ်ားႏွင့္ ၎တို႔၏ မိသားစုမ်ားသည္ အဆိုး႐ြားဆုံးေသာ ေရလႊမ္းမိုးမႈဒဏ္ကို ေတြ႕ႀကဳံ ခံစားခဲ့ရၿပီး ျဖစ္သည္။ တခ်ိဳ႕ေက်း႐ြာမ်ားဆိုလၽွင္ လုံး၀ပ်က္စီးလုနီးပါးအေျခအေနသို႔ ေရာက္ရွိခဲ့သည္။

စစ္ကိုင္းအစရွိေသာ ေျမာက္ပိုင္းေဒသမ်ားတြင္ ေရတျဖည္းျဖည္းခ်င္း က်လာသည္ႏွင့္အမၽွ ေရမ်ားသည္ ေအာက္ဘက္သို႔ ဆက္လက္စုန္ဆင္းေနၿပီး ဧရာ၀တီတိုင္းေဒသႀကီးႏွင့္ ပဲခူးတိုင္းေဒသႀကီးရွိ ျပည္သူ ၃၀၀,၀၀၀ ေက်ာ္ကို ႀကီးစြာ အႏၲရာယ္ျပဳၿခိမ္းေျခာက္လ်က္ရွိသည္။

ယူနီဆက္ဖ္သည္ အျခားေသာ ကမၻာ့ကုလသမဂၢေအဂ်င္စီမ်ားႏွင့္ လက္တြဲလ်က္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအစိုးရ အာဏာပိုင္မ်ားႏွင့္ အနီးကပ္ ပူးေပါင္းကာ ေရလႊမ္းမိုးမႈေၾကာင့္ ပ်က္စီးမႈတန္ဖိုးမ်ားကို အကဲျဖတ္ ဆန္းစစ္ျခင္း၊ သန္႔ရွင္းၿပီး ေဘးအႏၲရာယ္ကင္းေသာေသာက္သုံးေရ ရရွိေရးအတြက္ လိုအပ္ခ်က္မ်ားႏွင့္ ျပန္လည ္နလန္ထူႏိုင္ေရးလိုအပ္ခ်က္မ်ားကို အလ်င္အျမန္ ျဖည့္ဆည္းေပးရန္ အေရးေပၚ အေထာက္အပံ့ မ်ားကိုေပးအပ္ျခင္း၊ အေရးေပၚက်န္းမာေရးေစာင့္ေရွာက္မႈေပးအပ္ျခင္း၊ ေက်ာင္းႏွင့္ အိမ္မ်ားကို ျပင္ဆင္ေပးျခင္းႏွင့္ ကေလးသူငယ္မ်ား၏ စိတ္သက္သာရာရမႈအတြက္ ႏွစ္သိမ့္ေပးျခင္း စသည္တို႔ကို ေဆာင္႐ြက္လ်က္ ရွိပါသည္။



စစ္ကိုင္းတိုင္းေဒသႀကီး၊ ကေလးၿမိဳ႕နယ္မွ ငါးမိုင္အကြာရွိ ေရလႊမ္းမိုးမႈဒဏ္ အဆိုး႐ြားဆုံးခံရေသာ ေဒသမ်ားမွ တစ္ခုတြင္ အိမ္မ်ားႏွင့္ေက်ာင္းမ်ား ယခုကဲ့သို႔ ပ်က္စီးသြားၾကသည္
©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Myo Thame

၂၀၁၅ခုႏွစ္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ေ႐ြးေကာက္ပြဲမွာ ကေလးသူငယ္အခြင့္အေရး ေဖာ္ေဆာင္ေပးသူကို မဲေပးၾကပါစို႔

ရန္ကုန္၊ ၂၀၁၅ ခုႏွစ္ ဩဂုတ္လ ၂၈ ရက္ –-- ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ ဩဂုတ္လ ၂၈ ရက္ ေသာၾကာေန႔၌ က်င္းပခဲ့ေသာ လူ ၂၀၀ တက္ေရာက္ခဲ့သည့္ ”ကေလးသူငယ္အခြင့္အေရးေဖာ္ေဆာင္ေပးသူကို မဲေပးၾကပါ” ဆိုသည့္ တက္ႂကြလႈပ္ရွားေစသည့္ ဖိုရမ္ကို သြက္လက္ေသာေဖ်ာ္ေျဖမႈမ်ားႏွင့္ ေပါ့ဂီတျဖင့္ ဖြင့္လွစ္ခဲ့ သည္။

ႏိုင္ငံေရးပါတီမ်ား၏ မဲဆြယ္လႈပ္ရွားမႈမစတင္မီ ကိုးရက္အလိုတြင္ ကေလးငယ္မ်ားကို ဦးစားေပးသည့္ ေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေအာင္ႏိုင္ေရး မဟာဗ်ဴဟာတစ္ခုကို အသုံးျပဳရန္ ႏိုင္ငံေရးသမားမ်ားအား ကေလးငယ ္မ်ားက ေတာင္းဆိုခဲ့သည္။
 

The power of education to build a joint future for all children in Rakhine State

By Andy Brown, Communication Specialist, UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office

 

Thu Zar (right) studies with a friend in a classroom at Thea Chaung IDP camp
©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Myo Thame

Hlaing Hlaing Oo (left) studies in a Grade 6 class at Mingan School
©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Myo Thame

Rakhine State is one of the poorest and most isolated parts of Myanmar, and suffers from complex humanitarian needs and unaddressed development needs. Already marked by a high rate of poverty, the socioeconomic situation in Rakhine further deteriorated in 2012 following the outbreak of violence between majority Buddhist and minority Muslim communities, which displaced many Muslim communities, who were relocated in controlled camps.

ရခိုင္ျပည္နယ္ရွိ ကေလးမ်ားအားလုံး၏ ပူးတြဲအနာဂတ္ တည္ေထာင္ရန္အတြက္ ပညာေရးစြမ္းရည္

ယူနီဆက္ဖ္ အေရွ႕အာရွႏွင့္ ပစိဖိတ္ေဒသဆိုင္ရာ႐ုံးမွ ဆက္သြယ္ေရးပညာရွင္ အန္ဒီဘေရာင္း ေရးသားသည္

 

သဲေခ်ာင္း ျပည္တြင္း၌ ေနရာမဲ့ျဖစ္ေနသူမ်ား (အိုင္ဒီပီ) စခန္းရွိ စာသင္ခန္းတစ္ခုတြင္ သူငယ္ခ်င္းတစ္ဦးႏွင့္အတူ စာသင္ယူေနေသာ သူဇာ
 ©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Myo Thame

 

မင္းဂံေက်ာင္းတြင္ ပဥၥမတန္းတက္ေနေသာ လႈိင္လႈိင္ဦး
©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Myo Thame

ရခိုင္ျပည္နယ္မွာ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ အဆင္းရဲဆုံးႏွင့္ အထီးအက်န္ဆုံးေဒသတစ္ခုျဖစ္ၿပီး မ်ားေျမာင္လွေသာ လူသားခ်င္း စာနာေထာက္ထားမႈဆိုင္ရာ လိုအပ္ခ်က္မ်ားႏွင့္ မေျဖရွင္းရေသးေသာ ဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးေရး လိုအပ္ခ်က္မ်ား ရွိေနသည္။ အံ့အားသင့္ဖြယ္ ေကာင္းေလာက္ေအာင္ပင္ ဆင္းရဲႏြမ္းပါးမႈမွာ ၇၈ ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္း ရွိေနရာ ရခိုင္ျပည္နယ္၏ လူမႈစီးပြားေရးအေျခအေနမွာ လူမ်ားစု ျဖစ္ေသာ ဗုဒၶဘာသာႏွင့္ လူနည္းစု မြတ္စလင္မ်ားအၾကား အၾကမ္းဖက္မႈမ်ား ျဖစ္ပြားခဲ့ၿပီးေနာက္ ၂၀၁၂ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ပိုမိုဆိုး႐ြားလာခဲ့သည္။ ယင္းပဋိပကၡေၾကာင့္ မြတ္စလင္အုပ္စုမ်ားစြာ အိုးမဲ့အိမ္မဲ့ျဖစ္ခဲ့ရၿပီး ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ထားေသာ စခန္းမ်ားတြင္ ေျပာင္းေ႐ႊ႕ေနထိုင္ခဲ့ရသည္။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ ၂၀၁၅ ခုႏွစ္ ဩဂုတ္လ၌ ျဖစ္ပြားခဲ့ေသာ ေရလႊမ္းမိုးမႈမ်ားက အသိုင္းအဝိုင္းႏွစ္ခုၾကား ခြဲျခားထားေသာ ကာလရွည္ၾကာစြာ အခိုင္အမာ အျမစ္တြယ္ေနသည့္ နယ္နိမိတ္ စည္းကို လ်စ္လ်ဴ႐ႈလ်က္ ဤျပသနာမ်ားကို ပိုမိုဆိုး႐ြားေစခဲ့သည္။

Myanmar Elections 2015 – Let’s vote for one clear winner: CHILDREN

Yangon 28th August 2015: Dynamic performances and pop music greeted the two hundred participants at the upbeat forum “Let’s vote for one clear winner: Children” which took place in Yangon on Friday 28 August.

 

With 9 days to go before political parties depart on their campaigning trail, children called for politicians to adopt a winning strategy: prioritizing children.

Providing access to clean water for children in Myanmar’s Rakhine State

By Mariana Palavra

 

25 year old Nour Hartu with her youngest daughter Tosmin Ara, A Nauk Ywe village, Rakhine State.
©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Myo Thame

Children and families in Myanmar’s Rakhine State are still recovering from the sectarian violence that erupted in 2012. Many live in camps, where they are vulnerable to both water shortages and floods. UNICEF is currently helping flood-affected families to access clean water, but when we visited in early June, they faced the opposite problem – water shortages caused by a prolonged period of drought.

Partnerships in early recovery work with WASH

By Theingi Soe, UNICEF Water and Sanitation (WASH) Specialist

Young people in Ayeyarawaddy Region are struggling to stay afloat, with muddy water inundating all sources for drinking and bathing
©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Theingi Soe

Ayeyarawaddy Region Myanmar - 17 August 2015: Assessing the flood situation in Ayeyarawaddy Region, my UNICEF colleagues and I visited seven townships and found all the water sources inundated with mud. Before the floods, people here used to get all their drinking water from the boreholes and hand dug wells. Now they must drink bottled water as the well water is unsafe for drinking or bathing. If people bathe in this dirty water, they can get scabies and other skin diseases.

A child’s eye on Cyclone Komen

By Thiha Htun

 

Than Than Aye in her damaged home in Kha Ye Myaing Village, Maungdaw Township, Rakhine State
©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Thiha Htun

Maungdaw Township, Rakhine State, Myanmar – 12 August 2015:  Ten-year-old Than Than Aye experienced first-hand the horrors of Cyclone Komen on 30 July and is living amongst the aftermath. The young student stays with her parents, two elder sisters and younger brother in Kha Ye Myaing village, Maungdaw Township, one of the hardest-hit by the strong winds and flooding. Many people in Than Than Aye’s village have lost their homes.

Facing the flood aftermath

Sagaing State, Northwest Myanmar, 13 August 2015

Photos by Myo Thame

Children and their families in Kalay Township in the Sagaing region of northwest Myanmar, have witnessed some of the worst devastation from the floods. Some villages have been almost completely destroyed.

As flood levels begin slowly receding in northern regions like Sagaing, water continues to move downstream, posing serious threats to over 300,000 persons in Ayeyarwaddy and Bago regions.

UNICEF together with other UN agencies, is working closely with the Myanmar authorities to assess flood damages, to deliver urgent aid to meet immediate and recovery needs for clean and safe water, emergency health care, school and shelter repairs, and psychosocial support for children.



Five miles from Kalay Township in Sagaing Province, one of the areas worst hit by the flooding, houses and schools have been destroyed

© UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Myo Thame

Photos: Myanmar flood

UNICEF staff assesses the needs of children and families in Lai Nyin Tha village,
 Mrauk U township, one of the worst-hit areas in Rakhine State.
©UNICEF Myanamr/2015/Than Tin

Myanmar has been suffering damaging floods following weeks of heavy rains, with rains and winds from cyclone Komen that made landfall in Bangladesh on 30 July. As of beginning of August, the floods killed more than 50 people and have affected around 259,000 across the country, of which over 88,000 are children.

 

ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ရွိ ၿပည္တြင္း ေနရပ္ ေရႊ႕ေျပာင္းေနထိုင္သူမ်ား၏ စခန္းမ်ား၌ကေလးမ်ားအဟာရခ်ိဳ႕တဲ့မႈ တိုက္ဖ်က္ေရး လုပ္ငန္းစဥ္တြင္ မိခင္မ်ား ပူးေပါင္းပါဝင္

ေရးသူ - ရဲလြင္

©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Ye Lwin

 

စစ္ေတြၿမိဳ႕၊ ရခိုင္ျပည္နယ္၊ မတ္လ ၂၀၁၄။ ။ ၂၃ႏွစ္ အရြယ္ရွိေနၿပီျဖစ္ေသာ မခင္ေစာသည္ သူမ၏ ရင္ေသြးငယ္ ႏွစ္ဦးကို ဂုဏ္ယူစြာျဖင့္ ၾကည့္ေနမိသည္။ သူတို႔သည္ စစ္ေတြရွိ သက္ကယ္ျပင္စခန္းတြင္ အခက္အခဲမ်ားကို ၾကံ႔ၾကံ႔ခံရင္း က်န္းမာသန္စြမ္းေသာ ကေလးမ်ားလည္း ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

 

ရပ္ရြာအေထာက္အကူျပဳ ကြန္ရက္မွသည္ အမ်ိဳးသား လူမႈ၀န္ထမ္း လုပ္ငန္းစဥ္ဆီသို႔

ေရးသူ-ဘာဂ်ီးနီးယားဟန္ဒါစင္

 

©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Virginia Henderson
ေအာင္သန္းျမင့္၊ ၁၃ ႏွစ္ ရွမ္းျပည္ေတာင္ပိုင္း ေတာင္ႀကီးၿမိဳ ႔နယ္၊ ေရႊေတာင္ရပ္ကြက္ရွိ မိသားစုေနထိုင္ရာအိမ္တြင္



ေတာင္ႀကီးၿမိဳ႕၊ေတာင္ပိုင္းရွမ္းျပည္နယ္ ဂၽြန္လ၊ ၂၀၁၅ - ေတာင္ႀကီးၿမိဳ႕၏ ေရႊေရာင္ရပ္ကြက္ရွိိ ေသးငယ္ လွေသာ တဲအိမ္ေလးတစ္လံုးတြင္ ေအာင္သန္းျမင့္(၁၃ႏွစ္)သည္ မိခင္ျဖစ္သူ ေဒၚဆန္းဆန္းျမင့္ (၄၁ႏွစ္)၊ သူမ၏ ဒုတိယခင္ပြန္း၊ သူ၏ အျခား ေမာင္ႏွစ္မ ႏွစ္ေယာက္တို႔ႏွင့္ အတူ ေနထိုင္ၾကသည္။ ေမာင္ႏွစ္မ ေလးေယာက္အနက္ အျခား ႏွစ္ေယာက္မွာ အဖြားႏွင့္ ေနထိုင္ၾကသည္။

စကၠန္႔သံုးဆယ္အတြင္း လက္ေဆးသင္ၾကမယ္

ေရးသူ-မာရီယာနာ ပါလက္ဗ္ရာ

 

©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Mariana Palavra

မ်ိဳးဂ်ာတစ္ေယာက္ သူမ ၾကားခဲ့ဖူးေသာ ဗံုးသံ၊ ေသနတ္သံမ်ား အျပန္အလွန္ ပစ္ခတ္မႈၾကားက အေၾကာက္တရားတို႔ကို ဘယ္ေတာ့မွ ေမ့လိမ့္မယ္ မဟုတ္ပါ။ သူမ ဆယ္ႏွစ္သမီး အရြယ္ ၂၀၁၁ ခုႏွစ္က အစုိးရတပ္မ်ားႏွင့္ ကခ်င္လက္နက္ကိုင္ တပ္ဖြဲ႕မ်ားအၾကား ျဖစ္ပြားခဲ့ေသာ လက္နက္ကိုင္ပဋိပကၡ တိုက္ပြဲမ်ား နမ္ဆိုင္ ရြာရိွ သူမ၏ အိမ္တံခါး၀သို႔ ေရာက္ရိွလာခဲ့ပါသည္။

ကေလးလုပ္သား ပေပ်ာက္ဖို႔ ပညာေရးကို အားေပးစို႔

ေရးသူ-ဂ်က္စီကာ၊ ေအာ္မန္း



©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Khine Zar Mon
ေက်ာင္းျပင္ပ ပညာေရးစာသင္ခန္းမွ ေ၀ၿဖိဳးသူ

ယခုႏွစ္ ကမၻာလံုးဆိုင္ရာ ကေလးအလုပ္သမား ဆန္႔က်င္ေရးေန႔၏ သေဘာထားအဆိုအမိန္႔မွာ “ကေလးလုပ္သားပေပ်ာက္ဖို႔ ပညာေရးကိုအားေပးစို႔” ျဖစ္သည္။ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံရိွ ကေလးမ်ားအားလံုး အတြက္ အခမဲ့၊ မသင္ မေနရႏွင့္ အရည္အေသြးမွီပညာေရး ရရိွေစရန္ ယခုႏွစ္အတြင္း ကၽြႏ္ုပ္တို႔ ေဆာ္ၾသ ေနၾကသည္။

ေမြးစားရင္းမွတ္ပံုတင္ႏိုင္ျခင္းသည္ ကရင္ျပည္နယ္ တစ္ခုလံုး အတြက္ ႀကီးမားေသာ အေျပာင္းအလဲ

ေရးသားသူ-မန္နီေမာင္

©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Manny Maung

 

ကရင္ျပည္နယ္၊ ဂ်ဴလိုင္၂၀၁၅- ဆရာမ ေနာ္သဇင္တစ္ေယာက္ လက္နက္ကိုင္အဖြဲ႕အစည္း ႏွစ္ခုဧ။္ တိုက္ပြဲအၾကားတြင္ ပိတ္မိေနခဲ့ၿပီး က်ိဳးသြားေသာ သူမဧ။္ ေျခေထာက္ကို သံုးလေက်ာ္ေလာက္ အခ်ိန္ယူ ကုသဖို႔ လိုေနသည္။ သူမသည္ ထိုင္းျမန္မာနယ္စပ္ ေတာနက္အတြင္းရိွ ေ၀းလံလွေသာ ရြာသို႔ ေရာက္ေအာင္ ရြာသြန္းေနေသာ မိုးႏွင့္ ရႊံ႕ဗြက္ထူေျပာလွေသာ ေျမျပင္တို႕ကို ျဖတ္ေက်ာ္ၿပီး ရက္ေပါင္းမ်ားစြာ လမ္းေလ်ွာက္ခဲ့ရသည္။ အခ်ိဳ႕ရက္မ်ားတြင္ အိပ္ခဲ့ရသည္ပင္ မရိွပါ။ အသက္သံုးဆယ့္ရွစ္ႏွစ္အရြယ္ရိွ ဆရာမေနာ္သဇင္က “ ဒါက်မအလုပ္ပါဘဲ” ဟု ေျပာသည္။ ကရင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းရိွ မွတ္ပံုတင္သူနာျပဳ ဆရာမေလးသည္ ကာကြယ္ေဆးထိုးရန္ အတြက္ေသာ္ လည္းေကာင္း၊ က်န္းမာေရးႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္ေသာ သတင္းအခ်က္အလက္မ်ား ျဖန္႔ေ၀ရန္ အတြက္ေသာ္ လည္းေကာင္း ေ၀းလံၿပီး ေတာႀကီးမ်က္မည္း အတြင္းရွိ ေဒသမ်ားသို႔ အႀကိမ္ေပါင္းမ်ားစြာ ခရီးထြက္ခဲ့ရပါသည္။ အၿမဲတန္းလိုလို သြားလာေနခဲ့ရေသာ ခရီးစဥ္မ်ားႏွင့္အတူ ရရိွလာခဲ့သည့္ ရင္းႏွီးခင္မင္လာၾကေသာ ဆက္ဆံေရးမ်ားေၾကာင့္ ဆရာမေနာ္သဇင္သည္ တိုင္းရင္းသား ရြာသူ၊ ရြာသားမ်ားသာမက အစိုးရမဟုတ္ေသာ လက္နက္ကိုင္အဖြဲ႕အစည္းမ်ား၏ ယံုၾကည္မႈကိုပါ ရရိွခဲ့သည္။

Building a protective environment for every child in Rakhine

By Mariana Palavra

Zu Ber lives in a Muslim village between two camps for displaced people
© UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Myo Thame

Sittwe, Rakhine State, 10 June 2015 – A one and a half hour walk to attend English classes was a sacrifice worth making for 13 year-old Zu Ber. He lives in Ohn Taw Chay, a Muslim village located between two camps for internally displaced people (IDPs) in Sittwe, capital of Rakhine State, Myanmar.

From Community Support Networks to National Social Welfare

By Virginia Henderson

©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Virginia Henderson
Aung Than Myint, 13, in front of his family home in Shwe Taung Ward, Taunggyi, Southern Shan State

 

Taunggyi, Southern Shan State, June 2015:  In a tiny shack in Shwe Taung Ward, Taunggyi, Aung Than Myint, 13 years, lives with his mother Daw San San Myint, 41, her second husband and two of his four siblings; the other two live with their grandmother.

Birth registrations make all the difference in Kayin State

By Manny Maung

 

©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Manny Maung

Kayin State, July 2015 - Naw Thazin has been caught in the middle of cross fire between non-State armed groups.  She has broken her foot, which needed more than three months to heal.  She has walked several days through rain and mud to get to remote villages deep into the jungles that border Myanmar and Thailand.  Some days, she has gone with little to no sleep.

No to Child Labour - Yes to Quality Education

The theme for 2015 World Day Against Child Labour is No to Child Labour - Yes to Quality Education. This year we are calling for free, compulsory and quality education for all children in Myanmar.

Many child labourers don't attend school regularly or at all. Free and compulsory education of good quality is key to ending child labour by giving children the opportunity to gain knowledge and skills. To find out more, read Wei Phyoe’s story below.

You can also download a flyer, notebook, and poster with drawings by children taking part in Non-Formal Primary Education (NFPE), supported by the Quality Basic Education Programme. The drawings were created as part of a workshop on child labour run by UNICEF, the Myanmar Literacy Resource Centre (MLRC) and the International Labour Organisation (ILO).

Wei Phyoe’s Story

©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Khine Zar Mon
Wei Phyoe Thu at his NFPE class

Give me a second chance for education!

Tomorrow, 12 June, is World Day Against Child Labour. The theme for 2015 is No to Child Labour - Yes to Quality Education. To mark the day this is the first of two blogs on non-formal education in Myanmar...

Anne-Cecile with students from an EXCEL centre in Tayetchaung Township, Tanintharyi Region

The moment I enter the room I feel a stream of energy invading me. It must have been the frank smiles and energetic greetings of the 36 students I met! These students are all visibly different ages and from first sight their learning environment appeared so different from a traditional classroom with so many conventions floating in the air.

Teaching handwashing in 30 seconds

©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Mariana Palavra

By Mariana Palavra

Momauk, Kachin State- Myo Ja will never forget the sound of the bombs, the gun shots, the crossfire, the fear. This was in 2011, when she was ten years old and the conflict between the Myanmar Armed Forces and Kachin armed groups knocked at her door, in Nansai village.

WASH projects reaching children in remote non-state actor controlled areas

By Theingi Soe, UNICEF Myanmar WASH specialist
April 2015

 



©UNICEF Myanmar/2015

Field Mission
At the beginning of April, I went to Kyarinseikkyi Township in Kayin State to visit a UNICEF WASH project that included water supply, WASH in schools and Community-lead Total Sanitation (CLTS) in both Government Controlled Areas and areas controlled by non-state actors (NSAs). Implemented by the national NGO, Social Vision Services, this UNICEF project covers a total of 60 villages, 60% of which are in areas controlled by NSAs. 

Working with Non-State Groups to Help All Children Get an Education

Jessica Aumann and U Thet Naing, UNICEF Myanmar 

Mi Pon Rod (left), aged 15, with Teacher Mi Htaw Are Lwe, Andin High School, Mon State

School was not always easy for Mi Pon Rod. “I attended Government School up to Grade 4” she said, “but I found it difficult to understand Myanmar language and couldn’t follow the lessons well”.

Children Catch-Up with their Education Rights

By Anne-Cecile Vialle and U Thet Naing, UNICEF Field Office for the South-East of Myanmar.

Khaing Khiang Hnin with her teacher Nyein Nyein Khaing (left) and Regional NFPE Monitor Than Nyunt (right)

Dawei Township, Tanintharyi Region, March 2015: Khaing Khaing Hnin, 16 years old, had to leave the regular primary school she attended in Saw Wa village seven years ago when she was just in Grade 3. “My mother has psychological health problems and my parents divorced. Then my father migrated to Thailand”, said Khaing Khaing Hnin. In fact, in Dawei, migration for work and child labour are common, and dozens of students drop out of primary school each year.

Mothers work together to fight child malnutrition in Rakhine IDP camps

By Ye Lwin

©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Ye Lwin

 

Sittwe, Rakhine State, March 2014: Twenty three year-old Khin Saw looks at her two children proudly. They live in Thet Kay Pyin IDP camp in Sittwe, Rakhine State and, despite the difficult living conditions, both children are healthy and strong. 

First survey on Mine Risks in Myanmar can reduce accidents and save lives

By Emmanuelle Compingt

 

 

Photo Credit DCA - Maw Phray Myar and colleague practicing the use of GPS during the MRE KAP Training

Kayah State - Maw Pray Myar says she hasn’t “a fixed goal in life”, but in fact she wants to become a traditional singer. And while she waits to become a music star, the young Myanmar woman is already famous as one of the most active team leaders for the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) survey on Mine Risks, conducted for the first time ever, in three States and two Regions in the South-East of Myanmar, in 2014.

The first day of the rest of my life

“I want to be an example. It’s my turn to help others”
By Mariana Palavra

©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/ Mariana Palavra

Yangon, Myanmar, January 2015: He entered the empty, austere room shyly. His eyes facing the floor, as if afraid of my voice and presence. I introduced myself and clumsily attempted to put a few words together in Burmese. Almost immediately, he looked straight into my eyes and greeted me with a big smile. That smile stayed on the entire time we spent together talking and conjuring up his childhood memories.

Reaching the hard to reach - Fighting measles and rubella in Rakhine State

 

©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Thiha Htun
Wading through streams carrying iceboxes containing measles and rubella vaccine, Ministry of Health staff make great efforts to reach the hard to reach

 By Virginia Henderson

 

Rakhine State, February 2015: Wading barefoot through streams, climbing over steep narrow hill paths, crossing wobbly log bridges and walking hours over parched dusty plains- teams from Myanmar’s Ministry of Health, UNICEF and WHO went to great lengths to reach children in out-of-the-way places around the country.

 

In tiny villages and large towns around the country, 12,000 vaccination teams were part of Myanmar’s largest ever public health intervention. The National Measles and Rubella (MR) vaccination campaign, aiming to reach more than 17 million children aged nine months to 15 years, covered nearly 65,000 villages and 45,000 schools over two-phases.

The national Measles and Rubella campaign

The national Measles and Rubella campaign, which aimed to protect some 17 million children across Myanmar, was a tremendous success! The mobilisation of nurses, teachers and countless community leaders has resulted in an excellent coverage- around 95% nation-wide.

Even in areas of conflict and intercommunal tensions such as Rakhine and Kachin States, unprecedented engagement of health and education workers and community leaders helped to reach levels comparable to the national average.

Follow this link to discover some of the steps taken during Myanmar’s largest ever public health intervention.

IDPs in Kachin enjoy safe drinking water and sanitation facilities

©UNICEF Myanmar/2015/Ye Lwin

 By Ye Lwin

 

Waing Maw Township, Kachin State, Myanmar, January 2015: Twenty year-old Yan Wai has long waited for this moment. “Almost three years ago, when I first arrived at the camp, there was no toilet, no water supply and no proper accommodation for us”, Yan Wai said. “We were living from hand to mouth”.  

UNICEF calls on Parliamentarians to increase the budget for children

For the past two years, UNICEF has been discussing the opportunities for Myanmar to invest a greater part of its revenues into services for families and children, and in particular to the Social Protection Strategy. UNICEF wants to ensure that the most vulnerable families and children in Myanmar society are not by-passed by the current economic and social change.

 

In February 2015, UNICEF met with Parliamentarians to call for more investment in children now, for a brighter future for Myanmar. As Parliamentarians were discussing this year’s budget they had an important opportunity to take action and make the budget work for Myanmar’s children.

 

“It now all depends on policy makers, including the Parliamentarians, to make social protection a reality for millions of children and their families, from the 2015/2016 budget", said Bertrand Bainvel, UNICEF Representative to Myanmar.

 

"To build its future, Myanmar needs to invest right now in its people, starting with every child," concluded Bertrand Bainvel.

New Policy To Help Children Learn In Their Mother Tongue

21 February is International Mother Language Day, which celebrates language diversity and variety around the world. 




School Children in Southeast Myanmar © Anne Cecile Vialle, UNICEF

With 111 living languages, Myanmar is one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world. The seven main ethnic language clusters (Chin, Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Mon, Rakhine and Shan) are spoken by more than 23 million people and around 32 million people speak the national language, Myanmar.

For children who speak ethnic languages, Mother Tongue Based-Multi-Lingual Education (MTB-MLE), particularly in the early grades, is critical for increasing equitable access to school, improving cognitive development and learning outcomes, and reducing repetition and dropout rates. In Myanmar’s ethnically diverse society, language is also closely connected with identity, culture, and belonging.

Non-Formal Education gives Children with Disabilities a chance to go to school

By U Kap Za Lyan, Education Field Officer, Hakha Field Office

Pyae Pyae Cho writes with her left foot as her elder sister watches

Ma Pyae Pyae Cho (aged 11) and Ma Cho Mar Oo (aged 13) are sisters and both attend a Non-Formal Primary Education class in Set Ywar village, Sagaing Division.

Like many families, Pyae Pyae Cho and Cho Mar Oo’s parents struggle to make a living doing odd jobs. "Their parents are very poor and sometimes have to go outside of the village to find work. They often cannot provide nutritious food for the children to eat", said FPE Regional Monitor, U Tin Ngwe. For this reason, the two sisters could not learn well at regular primary school.

Non-Formal Primary Education (NFPE) enables marginalised children who have dropped out of school, or who never had the chance to attend primary school, to realise their human right to education.